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Answers to Readers' Questions on Physical Science:

Subatomic Particles

The following 21 comments and questions have been sent in. They are listed according to date.

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How to move electrons from one shell to another?

Question

August 23, 2009

how to move electrons from one shell to another

don - USA

18185

Answer

Atoms typically have all of their shells filled, except the outer shell. But each shell has a number of sub-shells that allow electrons to move from one to another. If a photon or light particle hits an electron, it will jump to a higher sub-shell. If an electron jumps to a lower sub-shell, it gives off a photon or light.

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What are the new fundamental particles?

Question

December 25, 2008

What are the new invented fundamental particles of an atom?

Mujib Rabiu - Nigeria

17004

Answer

The list of Leptons and Quarks are defined as fundamental particles that have been discovered thus far.

There may be new particles called "dark matter" that exist but have never been detected. If they do exist, they are almost impossible to detect directly. They are detected only by their influence on other fundamental particles.

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What is the basis for subatomic particles?

Question

May 11, 2008

sir,
i want to know on what basis or principle subatomic particle are divided into leptons and quarks.

krithika - India

15928

Answer

The use of particle accelerators led to the discovery of lepton and quark subatomic particles. The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory that describes the various subatomic particles and their interactions.

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What are non-particles?

Question

October 14, 2007

hello!my questio is:an atom constitutes of particles and non-particles!what do these non-particles consists of???

Mreedula - Mauritius

14533

Answer

An atom consists of electrons, plus protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The protons and neutrons consist of quarks. These are all particles. But there are force fields that hold the nucleus together. These force fields may be considered non-particles. But some scientists claim the fields consist of gluon particles that hold things together.

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Why is the mass of a proton and neutron different?

Question

July 12, 2007

the mass of proton and neutron are not equal althought proton consist ofnetron and +meason and netron =proton and -ve meason what is the meason

mohamed - USA

14061

Answer

A more correct view is that a Proton is made up of two Up Quarks and one Down Quark. The Neutron is made up of one Up Quark and two Down Quarks. This could result in the differences in mass.

Another reason is that some of the mass is lost as a result of the binding energy of the particle. This is the same as the "mass defect" in atomic particles and their nuclei. That is, some mass is lost to the energy required to hold the particle together.

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Wants to know about Quantum Foam

Question

May 1, 2006

Hello Im Dan I read this book that said something about quantum foam(maybe miss spelled) its called Timeline, and I wondered if there was such a thing inside of the subatomic particles that you have mentioned. I would love to recieve any info about this "foam"

Also I was wondering if there would actually be a way to look into other demonsions though the quantum foam kinda like from the book Timeline(if you've read it).

Thanks for any info you can send

Dan - USA

10996

Answer

When we get to the subatomic level, quantum effects take place, such that motion is in discrete jumps. If this is so, then perhaps the acceleration of gravity is not continuous motion but discrete jumps of motion. Although scientists have been able to measure quantum effects of particles, they have not been able to confirm quantum gravity. That is where the theory of quantum foam comes into play. It says that the fabric of space-time (the 4 dimensions of space), is a foam of wormholes and tiny black holes much smaller than a proton. This theory may help explain other mysteries in the Universe.

See the article at: http://www.ldolphin.org/qfoam.html for a good overview.

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Wants to find universities to attend

Question

January 16, 2006

This is intersting to know. It was like a draem that i came to know about this wep sit of studies and i greatly thank the founders of this. I will like to get more news of some new discoveries through my email address and to get in contact with members of this web site.
I am of age 20 and prepearing to write the Advance level public exam[GCE] to start my University,and i will please need your help for a university which i can cuntineu my studies. I am a Cameroonian and i leave in my country cameroon with my parents.

willybroad - Cameroon

9684

Answer

It probably will be the easiest for you to go to a college or university in Cameroon as a start. Then you can transfer to another school for more advanced physics work. Some of the nearby schools that I know of are:

Université de Buéa
Université de Douala
Université de Dschang
Université de Ngaoundéré
Université de Yaoundé I
Université de Yaoundé II

Once you have a good start, you may be able to apply for admission on specialty schools.

Best wishes in your advanced education.

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Suggest adding a table of properties

Question

January 16, 2006

Hello to the staff of school for champions I just went through your material quite impressive my sugestion is that u try to summerise the properties of these fundamental particles in a table this will ease understanding and save time.

Asong - Cameroon

9683

Answer

Thanks for the suggestion. We plan to add such a table soon.

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Matter smaller than electron?

Question

November 3, 2005

Can you tell me 7 parts of matter that are smaller than electron? I am working on a project. Thank you very much

Sra - Thailand

8801

Answer

The electron neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino, photon, gluon, and graviton are all smaller than an electron.

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Could antimatter be invovlved in big bang?

Question

October 7, 2005

Would it be feasible for what we know now.could the big bang have been set off by a massive collision of antimatter vs matter with the matter being the greater of the two creating a mostly matter universe as we know it.A tear in
say 2 universes or dimensions just a theory. Thanks

Ed - Canada

8452

Answer

There has been considerable speculation on what happened before the "big bang". Certainly, antimatter and matter could have collided, setting off an explosion.

As far as the Universe being mainly matter goes, it is possible that other parts consist of antimatter. Sort of a mirror image of the areas of matter. Or there could be a parallel universe made up of antimatter.

But also, there are theories about "dark matter" that we can't really detect but which explain some of the behaviors of the Universe and its expansion.

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