Doppler Effect Equations for Sound
About 5 min read
The Doppler Effect for sound is the change in frequency or pitch that you hear from a moving source. It will be either higher or lower than the emitted frequency, depending on the direction the source is moving.
The Doppler Effect equations allow you to calculate the frequency of the sound as a source moves toward you, away from you, or even at an angle with respect to the line-of-sight. You need to know the initial frequency, the velocity of the source and the speed of sound, as well as the angle between the source and the line-of-sight.
Although you can hear the difference in frequencies, you really need to use a microphone and a frequency meter, such as an oscilloscope, to determine the initial and final frequencies.
Questions you may have include:
- What are the equations when the source is moving toward you?
- What happens when the source is moving away from you?
- What are the equations when the source is moving at an angle to you?
This lesson will answer those questions. Useful tool: Units Conversion
Source moving toward you
When the source of sound is moving toward you, the pitch you hear is higher than what was emitted from the source and the wavelength is shorter than emitted.
(See Traveling Faster than Sound for more information.)
Observed frequency
The equation for the observed frequency of sound when the source is traveling toward you is:
fO = fSc/(c − vS)
where
- fO is the observed frequency
- fS is the emitted or source frequency
- c is the velocity of sound
- vS is the velocity of the source toward you
- c > vS (vS is less than c)
The Doppler frequency equation is sometimes written as:
fO = fS/(1 − vS/c)
The change in frequency is:
Δf = fS/(1 − c/vS)
where Δf = fS − fO.
Source velocity
If you know the resulting frequency, you can find the speed of the source moving toward you:
vS= c(fS/fO + 1)
Example
If a vehicle is coming toward you at 96 km/hr (60 miles per hour) and sounds its horn that blares at 8000 Hz, what is the frequency of the sound you hear when the speed of sound is 340 m/s (1115 ft/s)?
Convert kilometers per hour to meters per second:
96 km/hr = 96000 m/hr
Since 1 hour = 3600 seconds,
96000 m/hr = 96000/3600 = 26.7 m/s
Calculate the frequency:
fo = fc/(c − vt) = 8000*340/(340 − 26.7)
fo = 8682 Hz
In other words, the frequency you hear is about 682 Hz higher than the actual sound of the horn.
Source moving away from you
When the source of sound is moving away from you, the pitch you hear is lower, the frequency is slower and the wavelength is longer than what was emitted from the source.
Observed frequency
The equation for the observed frequency of a waveform when the source is traveling away from you is:
fO = fS/(1 + vS/c)
Δf = fS/(1 + c/vS)
where vS is the velocity of the source away from you.
Source velocity
The equation for the velocity of the source, when it is traveling away from you is:
vS= c(fS/fO − 1)
Source moving at an angle
When the source is moving directly toward you or directly away from you, its relative velocity is constant with respect to you. Thus, the observed frequency would be constant. But in the usual case of hearing a sound from a moving vehicle, you are at an angle to the line of motion of the source. Otherwise the vehicle would hit you.
The velocity of the source with respect to you is:
vSr = vScosθ
where
- vSr is the velocity of the source with respect to you
- vS is the actual velocity of the source
- cosθ is the cosine of the angle between the actual direction of the source and your line of sight to the source
- θ is the Greek symbol theta, representing the angle
When you aren’t standing in the direct path of the moving source, you must substitute vSr for vS in the Doppler Effect equations. As the vehicle or source moves, the angle and the relative velocity change. This is the reason that you hear the sound of a siren change pitch as the vehicle comes toward you and passes by.
Example
If you were standing 10 meters from the road, and the car in the above example blares its horn when it is 50 meters down the road, what would be the frequency of the sound that you heard?
The sine of θ would be 10/50 = 0.2. Thus θ = 11.5 degrees and cosθ = 0.98.
vsr = vscosθ = 26.7 * 0.98 = 26.2
fo = fv/(v − vt) = 8000*340/(340 − 26.2)
fo = 8668 Hz
That is 14 Hz less—or a slightly lower pitch—than what would be heard if you were standing in the road.
Summary
The pitch of the sound you hear from a moving source will be either higher or lower than the emitted frequency, depending on the direction the source is moving. This is called the Doppler Effect. Knowing the initial frequency, the velocity of the source and the speed of sound, equations are available that allow you to calculate the new frequency. The angle between the source and the line-of-sight adds another factor to the equations.
Be observant